Thursday, 26 April, 2018

How Doctors Measure Pain

Posted on Monday, 30 January, 2017Sunday, 20 August, 2017 by Zheluo Cai

How Doctors Measure Pain.

The subjectivity of a pain descriptor is difficult to measure, simply due to the personal sense and vocabulary of the victim, quite apart from an individual’s level of tolerance for pain. Yet it is one of the most studied area in psychology in recent history, with a proliferation of theories as to its causation and sensing. This article looks at Melzack and Wall’s Gate Control Theory, probably the most widely accepted in modern psychology and medicine. In gist, the theory posits that pain stimulation is carried by small, slow fibers that enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; then other cells transmit the impulses from the spinal cord up to the brain. These fibers can have an impact on the smaller fibers that carry the pain stimulation. In some cases they can inhibit the communication of stimulation, while in other cases they can allow stimulation to be communicated into the central nervous system. In this way, the large fibers create a hypothetical “gate” that can open or close the system to pain stimulation. Apart from the theory, the article also explores attempts at assessing chronic pain and its treatment.

Read Article Here:

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/25/how-doctors-measure-pain

Hubble's Jupiter and the Shrinking Great Red Spot.
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, Hubble, OPAL Program, STScI; Processing: Karol Masztalerz. Gas giant Jupiter is the solar system's largest world with about 320 times the mass of planet Earth, and it is home to one of the largest and longest lasting storm systems known, the Great Red Spot (GRS), visible to the left. Although it has been shrinking, it is so large it could swallow Earth. 150 years ago, the storm spans about one-third of the surface area of the planet. Modern GRS data indicate that the storm continues to constrict its surface area, but is also increasing vertically.

The flag of Liechtenstein consists of two horizontal blue and red bands charged with a gold crown at the canton. Adopted in 1921 after being officially enshrined into the nation's constitution, it has been the flag of the Principality of Liechtenstein since that year. The crown was added to the flag in 1937. The blue represents the sky, while red alludes to the "evening fires" that are lit inside houses throughout the country. The crown epitomizes the "unity of the people and their prince."

Kyrgyzstan – Level 1: Tuesday, 24 April, 2018
Exercise normal precautions in the Kyrgyz Republic. Read the Safety and Security section on the country information page. If you decide to travel to the Kyrgyz Republic: Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive Alerts and make it easier to locate you in an emergency. Follow the Department of State on Facebook […]
Nicaragua – Level 3: Reconsider travel Monday, 23 April, 2018
Reconsider travel to Nicaragua due to crime and civil unrest. On April 23, 2018, the U.S. government ordered the departure of U.S. government family members and authorized the departure of U.S. government personnel. Political rallies and demonstrations are occurring daily, often with little notice or predictability. Some protests result in injuries and deaths. Demonstrations typically […]

Eugène Galien-Laloue (1854–1941) was a French artist of French-Italian parents and was born in Paris on December 11, 1854. He was a populariser of street scenes, usually painted in autumn or winter, of the early 1900s, accurately representing the era in which he lived: a happy, bustling Paris, la Belle Époque, with horse-drawn carriages, trolley cars and its first omnibuses. Galien-Laloue's works are valued not only for their contribution to 20th-century art but for the actual history, which they document. The Paris Arc de Triomphe was painted in 1941. His work can be seen at the Musée des Beaux-Arts, Louvier; Musée des Beaux-Arts, La Rochelle; Mulhouse, France.

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