Wednesday, 17 October, 2018

How Doctors Measure Pain

Posted on Monday, 30 January, 2017Sunday, 20 August, 2017 by Zheluo Cai

How Doctors Measure Pain.

The subjectivity of a pain descriptor is difficult to measure, simply due to the personal sense and vocabulary of the victim, quite apart from an individual’s level of tolerance for pain. Yet it is one of the most studied area in psychology in recent history, with a proliferation of theories as to its causation and sensing. This article looks at Melzack and Wall’s Gate Control Theory, probably the most widely accepted in modern psychology and medicine. In gist, the theory posits that pain stimulation is carried by small, slow fibers that enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; then other cells transmit the impulses from the spinal cord up to the brain. These fibers can have an impact on the smaller fibers that carry the pain stimulation. In some cases they can inhibit the communication of stimulation, while in other cases they can allow stimulation to be communicated into the central nervous system. In this way, the large fibers create a hypothetical “gate” that can open or close the system to pain stimulation. Apart from the theory, the article also explores attempts at assessing chronic pain and its treatment.

Read Article Here:

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/25/how-doctors-measure-pain

The Guna, known as Kuna prior to an orthographic reform in 2010, and historically as Cuna, are an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. In the Kuna language, they call themselves Dule or Tule, meaning "people," and the name of the language in Kuna is Dulegaya, literally "people-mouth." Most Gunas live on small islands off the coast of the comarca of Kuna Yala known as the San Blas Islands. Each community has its own political organization, led by a saila, who is traditionally both the political and religious leader of the community; he memorizes songs which relate the sacred history of the people and transmits them to the people. Traditionally, Guna families are matrilinear, with the groom moving to become part of the bride's family and taking the last name of the bride as well.

Education materials for Sulawesi earthquake- and tsunami-affected arrive in Indonesia Tuesday, 16 October, 2018
Source: UN Children's Fund Country: Indonesia 220 temporary UNICEF classroom tents plus 200 school-in-a-box kits are arriving in Sulawesi to help restore a sense of normalcy as schools become therapeutic spaces for children.JAKARTA, 16 October 2018 – Today UNICEF announced the arrival of 30 tonnes of emergency education materials including 65 tents (for temporary classrooms) […]

Jupiter in Ultraviolet from Hubble.
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, Hubble; Processing & License: Judy Schmidt. Jupiter looks a bit different in the ultraviolet light. The colours of Jupiter go beyond the normal human visual range to include both ultraviolet and infrared light. Featured from 2017, Jupiter appears different partly because the amount of sunlight reflected back is distinct, giving differing cloud heights and latitudes discrepant brightnesses. In the near UV, Jupiter's poles appear relatively dark, as does its Great Red Spot and a smaller (optically) white oval to the right. The String of Pearl storms farther to the right, however, is brightest in near ultraviolet, and so here appear pink. Jupiter's largest moon Ganymede appears on the upper left.

The flag of Mozambique was adopted on May 1, 1983. It includes the image of an AK-47 with a bayonet attached to the barrel. It is one of three national flags among UN member states that features a firearm, along with those of Guatemala and Haiti. Green stands for the riches of the land, the white fimbriations signify peace, black represents the African continent, yellow symbolises the country's minerals, and red represents the struggle for independence. The rifle stands for defence and vigilance, the open book symbolises the importance of education, the hoe represents the country's agriculture, and the star symbolises Marxism and internationalism.

The Elgin Marbles are a collection of Classical Greek marble sculptures made under the supervision of Phidias and his assistants in c. 447 to 438 BC; originally part of the temple of the Parthenon. From 1801 to 1812, agents of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed about half of the surviving sculptures and transported them to Britain. The half not removed is now displayed in the Acropolis Museum. In Britain, the acquisition of the collection was not supported by some, and the Earl's actions was likened to vandalism. Following a public debate in Parliament and its subsequent exoneration of Elgin, he sold the Marbles to the British government in 1816. They were then passed to the British Museum, where they are now on display in the purpose-built Duveen Gallery.

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